Theses on a related topic (having the same keywords):
dan z prijmu, projekt, fyzicka osoba, ucetni zaverka, rozhodny den, spolecnik, akciova spolecnost, prevod jmeni, obchodni jmeniKeywords ordered alphabetically | Keywords ordered by occurrence rate
151.
Luštík, Andrej
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Volba právní formy podnikání s ohledem na daňové zatížení | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Volba právní formy podnikání s ohledem na daňové zatížení | Theses on a related topic
152.
Macúch, Patrik
Faculty: Collegium Humanum - Warsaw Management University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
Faculty: Collegium Humanum - Warsaw Management University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
153.
Machalová, Marie maiden name: Hanuliaková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Pohledávky z účetního a daňového pohledu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Pohledávky z účetního a daňového pohledu | Theses on a related topic
154.
Machová, Gabriela
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Právní ochrana a využitelnost patentu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Právní ochrana a využitelnost patentu | Theses on a related topic
155.
Makeeva, Polina
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
156.
Malošíková, Jana
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Volba vhodné právní formy podnikání z pohledu daní a zpracování evidence | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Volba vhodné právní formy podnikání z pohledu daní a zpracování evidence | Theses on a related topic
157.
Málová, Miroslava
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Komparace odpisování dlouhodobého majetku v České republice a Německu | Theses on a related topic
Master's thesis defence: Optimalizace základu daně z příjmů fyzické osoby Václava Mráze | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Komparace odpisování dlouhodobého majetku v České republice a Německu | Theses on a related topic
Master's thesis defence: Optimalizace základu daně z příjmů fyzické osoby Václava Mráze | Theses on a related topic
158.
Man, Erich
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro uchazeče ze střední školy)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodní společnosti z právní formy "společnost s ručením omezeným" na "akciová společnost". | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro uchazeče ze střední školy)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodní společnosti z právní formy "společnost s ručením omezeným" na "akciová společnost". | Theses on a related topic
159.
Man, Erich
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodní společnosti EM Group, s.r.o. na EM Group, a.s. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodní společnosti EM Group, s.r.o. na EM Group, a.s. | Theses on a related topic
160.
Marek, Daniel
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
161.
Marek, Roman
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
162.
Marinčáková, Hana
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Hostinská a realitní činnost jako nejčastější doplňkové činnosti základní školy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Hostinská a realitní činnost jako nejčastější doplňkové činnosti základní školy | Theses on a related topic
163.
Marková, Lenka
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
164.
Masojdková, Ladislava maiden name: Masojdková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodních společností v ČR | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodních společností v ČR | Theses on a related topic
165.
Matláková, Monika
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
166.
Matocha, Michal
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Projekt využití nástrojů controllingu v konkrétní společnosti | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Projekt využití nástrojů controllingu v konkrétní společnosti | Theses on a related topic
167.
Matysíková, Michaela
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
168.
Mazálková, Šárka
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Automobil v podnikání | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Automobil v podnikání | Theses on a related topic
169.
Mička, Martin
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Návrh metod vhodných pro vyhodnocení podnikových investičních projektů | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Návrh metod vhodných pro vyhodnocení podnikových investičních projektů | Theses on a related topic
170.
Míčková, Jana maiden name: Baranová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vývoj paušálních výdajů u osob samostatně výdělečně činných a daňový systém | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vývoj paušálních výdajů u osob samostatně výdělečně činných a daňový systém | Theses on a related topic
171.
Míčková, Jana maiden name: Baranová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Audit účetní závěrky | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Audit účetní závěrky | Theses on a related topic
172.
Miklošová, Barbora
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Účetní závěrka společnosti s ručením omezeným | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Účetní závěrka společnosti s ručením omezeným | Theses on a related topic
173.
Miklošová, Barbora
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Využití projektového managementu v podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Využití projektového managementu v podniku | Theses on a related topic
174.
Mikulicová, Jana maiden name: Konečná
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Porovnání výhodnosti leasingového a úvěrového financování hmotného majetku z hlediska daně z příjmu v konkrétním podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Porovnání výhodnosti leasingového a úvěrového financování hmotného majetku z hlediska daně z příjmu v konkrétním podniku | Theses on a related topic
175.
Mikulová, Lucie
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
176.
Mikulová, Lucie
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
177.
Minaříková, Lenka
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké benefity | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké benefity | Theses on a related topic
178.
Minaříková, Lenka
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Optimalizace daně z příjmů právnických osob ve firmě ABC s.r.o. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Optimalizace daně z příjmů právnických osob ve firmě ABC s.r.o. | Theses on a related topic
179.
Miškeříková, Yvona maiden name: Kyliánová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
180.
Míšková, Lucie
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
181.
Mlodziková, Lucie maiden name: Tabášková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rozhodování o změně právní formy podnikání - převod společnosti s ručením omezeným na živnost | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rozhodování o změně právní formy podnikání - převod společnosti s ručením omezeným na živnost | Theses on a related topic
182.
Mlodziková, Lucie maiden name: Tabášková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Auditorské metody | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Auditorské metody | Theses on a related topic
183.
Mohler, Marek
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Využití projektového managementu v podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Využití projektového managementu v podniku | Theses on a related topic
184.
Moravcová, Petra maiden name: Moravcová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Srovnání podnikání fyzické a právnické osoby (s.r.o. s jedním společníkem) | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Srovnání podnikání fyzické a právnické osoby (s.r.o. s jedním společníkem) | Theses on a related topic
185.
Motyčka, Matěj
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
186.
Musilová, Ludmila maiden name: Vechetová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké benefity z daňového pohledu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké benefity z daňového pohledu | Theses on a related topic
187.
Nguyen, Cong Hung
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
188.
Nohejl, Matěj
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
189.
Nováček, Marek
Faculty: Collegium Humanum - Warsaw Management University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
Faculty: Collegium Humanum - Warsaw Management University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
190.
Novák, Martin
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2004, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2004, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
191.
Novák, Richard
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
192.
Novosad, Rudolf
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zrušení účasti společníka ve společnosti s ručením omezeným | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zrušení účasti společníka ve společnosti s ručením omezeným | Theses on a related topic
193.
Oberfalcer, Daniel
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
194.
Ondko, Slavomír
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Projekt využití nástrojů controllingu v konkrétní společnosti | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Projekt využití nástrojů controllingu v konkrétní společnosti | Theses on a related topic
195.
Ondroušková, Kateřina
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Business Finance / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daňová optimalizace ve vybrané právnické osobě | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Business Finance / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daňová optimalizace ve vybrané právnické osobě | Theses on a related topic
196.
Opletal, Eva
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Law Specialization / Law in Business
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vklad společníka do obchodních korporací ve vztahu k základnímu kapitálu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Law Specialization / Law in Business
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vklad společníka do obchodních korporací ve vztahu k základnímu kapitálu | Theses on a related topic
197.
Osmanová, Nikola maiden name: Martincová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Účetní a daňové dopady přeměny fyzické osoby na společnost s.r.o. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Účetní a daňové dopady přeměny fyzické osoby na společnost s.r.o. | Theses on a related topic
198.
Panáčková, Jana
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Oddlužení jako způsob řešení úpadku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Oddlužení jako způsob řešení úpadku | Theses on a related topic
199.
Páv, Ondřej
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
200.
Pavlasová, Denisa
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké benefity a daně | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké benefity a daně | Theses on a related topic