Theses on a related topic (having the same keywords):
ukazatel, bonitni model, bankrotni model financial analysis, aktiva, pasiva, credibility model, bankruptcy model, spolecnost, financial statements, liabilities, company, ratio, assets, ucetni vykazy, rozvaha, balance, financni analyzaKeywords ordered alphabetically | Keywords ordered by occurrence rate
551.
Lanová, Natálie
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2025, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
Master's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán pro obor "Health & Fitness" | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2025, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
Master's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán pro obor "Health & Fitness" | Theses on a related topic
552.
Lapišová, Zdeňka maiden name: Konecká
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Zpracování zahajovací rozvahy podle Mezinárodních standardů účetního výkaznictví | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Zpracování zahajovací rozvahy podle Mezinárodních standardů účetního výkaznictví | Theses on a related topic
553.
Le, Zuzana
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Marketing
Bachelor's thesis defence: Marketingový plán pre nový kozmetický salón | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Marketing
Bachelor's thesis defence: Marketingový plán pre nový kozmetický salón | Theses on a related topic
554.
Lejsková, Michaela
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Business Plan of B&B Commercial Activity s.r.o. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Business Plan of B&B Commercial Activity s.r.o. | Theses on a related topic
555.
Lepka, Martin
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2004, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2004, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms
556.
Libiger, Lukáš
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský záměr | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský záměr | Theses on a related topic
557.
Lippayová, Zuzana
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zhodnocení finančního zdraví podniku a návrhy na jeho zlepšení | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zhodnocení finančního zdraví podniku a návrhy na jeho zlepšení | Theses on a related topic
558.
Liška, Marek
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Investiční záměr na realitním trhu v Dubaji | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Investiční záměr na realitním trhu v Dubaji | Theses on a related topic
559.
Lišková, Beata
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
560.
Lišková, Eva maiden name: Pecůchová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
561.
Löffler, William James
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční analýza pro prostředí konkrétního podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční analýza pro prostředí konkrétního podniku | Theses on a related topic
562.
Lochmanová, Lenka
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Marketing
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Marketing
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
563.
Lukášková, Anna maiden name: Suková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční analýza obecní knihovny | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční analýza obecní knihovny | Theses on a related topic
564.
Lukášová, Ilona
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
565.
Macek, Ladislav
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Strategie rozvoje obce se zaměřením na financování v podmínkách města Brna | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Strategie rozvoje obce se zaměřením na financování v podmínkách města Brna | Theses on a related topic
566.
Macúch, Patrik
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
567.
Macháček, Jan
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Krizové řízení podniku - aplikace v praxi | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Krizové řízení podniku - aplikace v praxi | Theses on a related topic
568.
Machanec, Martin
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Způsoby vzdělávání zaměstnanců v podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Způsoby vzdělávání zaměstnanců v podniku | Theses on a related topic
569.
Majerová, Petronela
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Etické aspekty manažmentu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Etické aspekty manažmentu | Theses on a related topic
570.
Majerský, Ta Hieu
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský záměr | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský záměr | Theses on a related topic
571.
Makeeva, Polina
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Mezinárodní harmonizace účetnictví | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Mezinárodní harmonizace účetnictví | Theses on a related topic
572.
Makhmudova, Yuliya
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční analýza firmy v rámci různých účetních systémů | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční analýza firmy v rámci různých účetních systémů | Theses on a related topic
573.
Malachová, Jana maiden name: Jirglová
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vnitropodnikové směrnice v účetnictví vybrané firmy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vnitropodnikové směrnice v účetnictví vybrané firmy | Theses on a related topic
574.
Malíčková, Gabriela
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Systém periodického hodnocení zaměstnanců | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Systém periodického hodnocení zaměstnanců | Theses on a related topic
575.
Malík, Ondřej
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Optimalizace nákladů firmy stavební firmy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Optimalizace nákladů firmy stavební firmy | Theses on a related topic
576.
Málková, Barbora
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Efektivnost finančního řízení firmy MERLIN-PLUS, spol. s r.o. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Efektivnost finančního řízení firmy MERLIN-PLUS, spol. s r.o. | Theses on a related topic
577.
Málková, Iveta
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Modernizace provozu hotelového zařízení | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Bachelor's thesis defence: Modernizace provozu hotelového zařízení | Theses on a related topic
578.
Maltcev, Vladislav
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rusko a česko-ruské ekonomické a politické vztahy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rusko a česko-ruské ekonomické a politické vztahy | Theses on a related topic
579.
Marečková, Lenka
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční pomoc klientům | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms (combination/specialization: Studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Finanční pomoc klientům | Theses on a related topic
580.
Marečková, Martina
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / Human Resource Management
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / Human Resource Management
581.
Margan, Michael
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
Master's thesis defence: Investiční plán podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
Master's thesis defence: Investiční plán podniku | Theses on a related topic
582.
Marková, Aneta maiden name: Marková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Zavádění nového výrobku na trh | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Management malých a středních firem)
Master's thesis defence: Zavádění nového výrobku na trh | Theses on a related topic
583.
Marková, Natálie
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Reaktivní krizové řizení malého podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Reaktivní krizové řizení malého podniku | Theses on a related topic
584.
Marková, Petra maiden name: Muláčková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Taxation
585.
Martinčeková, Nikola
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / International Management
586.
Martini, David
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2025, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
Master's thesis defence: Nastaveni adaptačního procesu ve vybrané firmě/podniku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2025, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Economics and Management
Master's thesis defence: Nastaveni adaptačního procesu ve vybrané firmě/podniku | Theses on a related topic
587.
Martini, Veronica
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Firemní kultura ve vybrané organizaci | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Firemní kultura ve vybrané organizaci | Theses on a related topic
588.
Martinov, Jan maiden name: Kokrhoun
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
589.
Masojdková, Ladislava maiden name: Masojdková
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodních společností v ČR | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Přeměna obchodních společností v ČR | Theses on a related topic
590.
Mastai, Manuela
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán | Theses on a related topic
591.
Mašek, Dominik
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán k vybudování samoobslužného bezkontaktního mycího centra | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Globální podnikání a management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský plán k vybudování samoobslužného bezkontaktního mycího centra | Theses on a related topic
592.
Mášková, Lenka
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and management / Management SME (combination/specialization: studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rozpočtová ekonomika vybrané obce | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and management / Management SME (combination/specialization: studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rozpočtová ekonomika vybrané obce | Theses on a related topic
593.
Matějková, Jitka
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
594.
Matocha, Michal
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Projekt využití nástrojů controllingu v konkrétní společnosti | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management
Master's thesis defence: Projekt využití nástrojů controllingu v konkrétní společnosti | Theses on a related topic
595.
Matušková, Iveta
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zhodnocení ekonomické situace v podniku prostřednictvím finanční analýzy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zhodnocení ekonomické situace v podniku prostřednictvím finanční analýzy | Theses on a related topic
596.
Mayerová, Denisa
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / Human Resource Management
Faculty: Col. Hum.
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Management / Human Resource Management
597.
Mazal, Petr
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Organization and Management of small and medium sized firms
598.
Meduna, Šimon
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský záměr | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: NEWTON University
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and Management / Global Business and Management
Bachelor's thesis defence: Podnikatelský záměr | Theses on a related topic
599.
Melkusová, Nikola
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and management / Taxation (combination/specialization: studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rozpočtové hospodaření obce | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economics and management / Taxation (combination/specialization: studium pro absolventy VOŠ)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Rozpočtové hospodaření obce | Theses on a related topic
600.
Melnarová, Karla
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké výhody jako daňový náklad společnosti AQE advisors , a.s. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: STING ACADEMY
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economy and Management / Business Economy and Management (combination/specialization: Ekonomika a zdaňování)
Master's thesis defence: Zaměstnanecké výhody jako daňový náklad společnosti AQE advisors , a.s. | Theses on a related topic